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Dictionary of Art
and Artists

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CHAPTER ONE
NEOCLASSICISM AND ROMANTICISM
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NEOCLASSICISM
PAINTING
SCULPTURE and
ARCHITECTURE-
Part 1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14
THE ROMANTIC MOVEMENT
PAINTING
SCULPTURE and
ARCHITECTURE -
Part1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15,
16,
17,
18,
19,
20
PHOTOGRAPHY
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SCULPTURE and ARCHITECTURE
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Neoclassical in Russia
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Giacomo Quarenghi
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Giacomo Antonio Domenico Quarenghi
Giacomo Antonio Domenico Quarenghi, (born Sept. 20, 1744,
Rota d’Imagna, Republic of Venice [Italy]—died Feb. 18,
1817, St. Petersburg, Russia), Italian Neoclassical
architect and painter, best known as the builder of numerous
works in Russia during and immediately after the reign of
Catherine II the Great. He was named “Grand Architect of all
the Russias.”
The son of a painter, Quarenghi studied painting first in
Bergamo and then in Rome, where he was taught by Anton
Raphael Mengs and Stefano Pozzi. Vincenzo Brenna introduced
Quarenghi to architecture. In 1779 Baron Friedrich Grimm
secured Quarenghi’s invitation to Russia by the empress
Catherine II.
Among his first important commissions were the English
Palace at Peterhof (1781–89; now at Petrodvorets), since
destroyed, and the Hermitage Theatre (begun 1782). These
were the first buildings in Russia in the Palladian style.
Other early constructions include the massive Bourse and the
State Bank (1789–96).
His other works in St. Petersburg included St. George’s
Hall in the Winter Palace (1786–95), several bridges on the
Neva, and a number of academic structures, including the
Academy of Sciences (1785–90), the Catherine Institute
(1804–07; now the Saltykov-Shchedrin Library), and the
Smolny Institute (1806–08). At the royal residence of
Tsarskoye Selo, Quarenghi designed the baths, concert hall,
church, the Alexander Palace, and other structures.
Quarenghi designed simple but imposing Neoclassical
buildings that have clear and precise designs. His favourite
format was a plain rectangular block fronted by an elegant
central portico with pillars and pediment. His buildings
give the city of St. Petersburg much of its stately
character.
Encyclopædia Britannica
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Academy of Sciences headquarters in
Saint Petersburg on Universitetskaya Embankment.

The former Catherine Palace in Moscow. Part of the south-eastern facade.

The Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens
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Carlo Rossi
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Carlo Rossi
The Military Gallery of the Winter Palace
painted by Grigory Chernetsov, 1827
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Carlo Rossi
Carlo di Giovanni Rossi, (Russian: Êàðë Èâàíîâè÷ Ðîññè) (18
December 1775 - 18 April 1849) was an Italian architect, who
worked the major portion of his life in Russia. He was the
author of many classical buildings and architectural
ensembles in Saint Petersburg and its environments. In his
lifetime, he built a theater on the Arbat Square (later
destroyed by the fire of 1812) and was rewarded with the
Order of St. Vladimir of IV degree.
Carlo Rossi was born 18 December 1775 in Naples (his
stepfather was the famous ballet artist Charles le Picq) and
was brought to Russia in his childhood when his mother, a
well-known ballerina, was invited into Russia to perform.
From youth he was connected with the world of the arts. He
trained in the studio of architect Vincenzo Brenna. In 1795
he entered the service of the admiralty board of
architecture; as the assistant to Brenna, together with
whom, it is assumed, he participated in the construction of
Saint Michael's Castle in Saint Petersburg.
From 1802 to 1803 Rossi studied in Italy. In 1806 he
obtained the title of architect and an office. In 1808 he
was dispatched to the Kremlin archaeological expedition in
Moscow, where he built St. Catherine's Church of the
Ascension Convent and the theater at Arbat Square, which
burned to the ground during Napoleon's invasion of Russia.
He was rewarded with the Order of St. Vladimir of IV degree.
In 1814 he obtained the rank of Collegiate Councilor. In
1815 he returned to Saint Petersburg. In 1816 he was
appointed to a position on the committee of structures and
hydraulic works.
The buildings of Rossi are characteristic of the empire
style, which combines grandeur with noble simplicity. These
include: the Yelagin Palace with the hothouse and the
pavilions (1816-1818), Saint Michael's Palace, General Staff
Building, the buildings of the Senate and Synod (1829-1833),
the façade of the Russian National Library that faces
Alexandrinskaya Square, the pavilions of Anichkov Palace,
the arch of the General Staff Building, the Alexandrine
Theatre and the buildings of the Board of Theaters and
Ministry of Internal Affairs. In Pavlovsk, Rossi built the
palace library. One of the last buildings of Rossi was the
belfry of the Yurevskogo monastery near Velikiy Novgorod. On
18 April 1849, he died of Cholera in Saint Petersburg,
according to available data - in complete oblivion. He was
buried in the Volkov Lutheran cemetery. During the Soviet
period, he was reburied at the necropolis St. Lazarus of the
Alexander Nevsky Monastery with the same grave.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Palace Square in Sankt Peterburg.
The earliest and most celebrated building on the square is the baroque
white-and-azure Winter Palace of Russian tsars (1754–62), which gave the
square its name. Although the adjacent buildings are designed in the
Neoclassical style, they perfectly match the palace in their scale,
rhythm, and monumentality. The opposite, southern side of the square was
designed in the shape of an arc by George von Velten in the late 18th
century. These plans were executed half a century later, when Alexander
I of Russia envisaged the square as a vast monument to the Russian
victory over Napoleon and commissioned
Carlo Rossi
to design the bow-shaped Empire-style Building of the General Staff
(1819–29), which centers on a double triumphal arch crowned with a Roman
quadriga.
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Arch of the General Staff Building in Palace Square. Saint Petersburg
(Russia)
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Russian National Library. Saint Petersburg (Russia), Nevsky Avenue.
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Alexandrine Theatre in Saint Petersburg.
19th-century photochrome print (1890—1900)
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The Russian Museum. Saint Petersburg.
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Senate and Synod buildings on Decembrists' Square were built much later
than the monument, in 1829-1834. Design by Carlo Rossi.
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