History of Art - Visual History of the World

Dictionary of Art and Artists
Dictionary of Photographers
Dictionary of Writers and Philosophers

Visual History of the World

(Foreword by Douglas G. Brinkley)

HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION & CULTURE

From Prehistoric to Romanesque Art
Gothic Art
Renaissance Art
Baroque and Rococo Art
The Art of Asia
Neoclassicism, Romanticism Art
Art Styles in 19th century
Art of the 20th century
Artists that Changed the World
Design and Posters
Photography
Classical Music
Literature and Philosophy

Visual History of the World
I. Prehistory
II. First Empires
III. The Ancient World
IV. The Middle Ages
V. The Early Modern Period
VI. The Modern Era
VII. The World Wars and Interwar Period
VIII. The Contemporary World

Dictionary of Art and Artists

Visual History of the World

CONTENTS


	TIMELINE		TIMELINE

	Prehistory From the Beginning to ca.4000 B.C.		FROM PREHISTORIC TO ROMANESQUE ART Artists that Changed the World


	The Stone Age: The Beginning of Mankind It All Began in Africa Early Hominoids Territorial Expansion Campsites and the Use of Tools Fire and the Hunt Language and Burial of the Dead Religion and Cults The Art of Early Man The "Neolithic Revolution" The Tell Cultures		collection: Charles Estienne "*De dissectione partium corporis humani libri tres"*


	TIMELINE		TIMELINE

	First Empires ca. 7000 B.C. - 200 A.D.		FROM PREHISTORIC TO ROMANESQUE ART THE ART OF ASIA Artists that Changed the World



	The First Great Civilizations ca. 7000 B.C. - 200 A.D.


	Migration of Peoples


	The Early States of Mesopotamia CA. 3OOO-539 B.C.		text "The Epic of Gilgamesh"


	Ancient Egypt CA. 29OO-332 B.C. Egyptian religion		The Art of the Ancient Kingdoms Illustration from the Book of the Dead Egyptian Goddess A Brief History of Religions


	The Hittites CA. 1570-CA. 650 B.C.


	Kingdoms on the Borders of the Fertile Crescent.


	Syria and Palestine. 3000-332 B.C.		collection: The Rape of Europa collection: David collection: Bathsheba collection: Solomon text KING SOLOMON "Song of Songs"


	*Key Ideas:* Judaism The history of Judaism		A Brief History of Religions collection: Moses collection: Judith collection: Delilah collection: Susanna collection: Salome see also: THE BIBLE (Encyclopaedia Britannica) The Bible illustrations by Julius von Carolsfeld, Gustave Dore, William Blake


	The Medes and the Persian Empire of the Achaemenids ca. 800-330 B.C.


	The Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes ca. 1000-200 B.C. .


	*Key Ideas:* The Religions of India, China, and Japan Hinduism, Buddhism, Daoism, Confucianism, Shinto		A Brief History of Religions


	India from the Beginnings to the Invasion of Alexander ca. 7000-325 B.C.		Art of the Indus collection: Ramayana illustrations


	Early China up to the "Warring States" Period. 5000-221 B.C. Hundred Schools of Thought		A Brief History of Religions Ancient Chinese Art


	TIMELINE		TIMELINE

	The Ancient World ca. 2500 B.C. - 900 A.D.		FROM PREHISTORIC TO ROMANESQUE ART Artists that Changed the World THE FOUNDATIONS OF WESTERN LITERATURE CLASSICAL LITERATURE ANCIENT GREEK AND ROMAN FHILOSOPHY


	The Culture of the Greeks and Romans Trojan War Greek Mythology		A Brief History of Religions Greek and Roman Myths in Art collection: Venus - The Evening Star collection: Leda and the Swan - myth in art collection: Ancient Greek Sculpture text HOMER "Iliad", "Odyssey" text OVID "Metamorphoses" text "Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes" by E. Hamilton text "Bulfinch's Mythology" by T. Bulfinch text VERGIL "The Aeneid"


	Crete and Mycenae - The Beginnings of Greek Culture


	Classical Greece from the Culture of the Polis 8TH-3RD CENTURY B.C.		collection: Greek vase painting collection: Praxiteles text PLUTARCH "Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans"


	The Rise and Fall of a World Power 7TH-1ST CENTURY B.C. Alexander the Great		text ARISTOTLE "Poetics" collection: Aristotle and Phyllis text PLUTARCH "Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans"


	Judea and Arabia before the Romans CA.1100 B.C.-136 A.D.		ccollection: Massacre of the Innocents text "The Arabian Nights"


	Carthage: World Power and Rival of Rome 814-44 B.C.


	The Etruscans: The League to the Roman Empire 7th century B.C.-1stcentury B.C.


	Rome: From the Beginnings to the End of the Republic 753-82 B.C.		collection: Romulus and Remus, The Rape of the Sabine Women collection: Tarquin and Lucretia


	In Focus: The Roman Empire Early Rome		text PLUTARCH "Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans"


	The Rule of the Generals and Imperial Rome 74 B.C.-192 A.D. Pompeii		collection: Cleopatra collection: Pompeii


	From Constantine to the Rise of Byzantium 312-867

	*Key Ideas:* Christianity The history of Christianity		A Brief History of Religions collection: Annunciation in Art collection: Adoration of the Magi collection: Flight to Egypt collection: The Holy Family collection: Mary Magdalene see also: THE BIBLE (Encyclopaedia Britannica) The Bible illustrations by Julius von Carolsfeld, Gustave Dore, William Blake


	Armenia and Asia Minor 550 B.C.-CA 200 A.D.


	Persia under the Parthians and the Sassanians 250 B.C.-651 A.D. Manichaeism Zoroaster		A Brief History of Religions text ZARATHUSTRA "Zoroaster Hymns of the Zend Avesta"


	Celts, Slavs, and Germanic Tribes бТН CENTURY B.C.-7TH CENTURY A.D.		text "THE LEGENDS OF KING ARTHUR AND HIS KMIGHTS" by J. Knowles text "King Arthur and of his Noble Knights" by Sir Thomas Malory text "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" text "Idylls of the King" by Alfred Tennyson text "The Poetic Edda"


	The Great Migration of Peoples 375-568 A.D.		collection: The Course of Empire and The Voyage of Life, series by Thomas Cole


	The Nomad Empires of the Eurasian Steppes 3RD CENTURY B.C.- 7TH CENTURY A.D.		collection: The Martyrdom of Saint Ursula


	Ancient India 321 B.C.-500 A.D.		collection: Mahabharata illustrations by Ravi Varma collection: Ramayana illustrations


	China's First Emperors of the Qin and Han Dynasties 221 B.C.-220 A.D.


	The First Kingdoms in North and Africa CA.1000 B.C.-8TH CENTURY A.D.


	TIMELINE		TIMELINE

	The Middle Ages 5th - 15th century		GOTHIC ART THE ART OF ASIA Artists that Changed the World LITERATURE THE MIDDLE AGES AND THE RENAISSANCE MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY CLASSICAL MUSIC-The Middle Ages and the Renaissance


	The Middle Ages Feudalism


	The Germanic Empires 5TH CENTURY-774 Nibelungenlied		collection: Architecture in Germany collection: The Ring of the Nibelung illustrations by Arthur Rackham text "The Nibelungenlied"


	The Kingdom of the Franks 486-843


	The Holy Roman Empire in the High and Late Middle Ages 911-1519		text "Song of Roland"


	Switzerland 1291-1848


	France in the High and Late Middle Ages 843-1515 Saint Joan of Arc		Architecture in France collection: Fouquet Jean collection: Joan of Arc


	Burgundy and the Netherlands 6TH-15TH C		collection: Charles the Bold & Mary of Burgundy collection: Bosch Hieronymus

	England in the Middle Ages CA. 450-1485 Wars of the Roses		collection: Architecture in England collection: The Bayeux Tapestry "Propaganda on cloth" text "The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood" by H. Pyle


	Ireland and Scotland in the Middle Ages CA. 450-1603

	Italy in the Middle Ages CA.600-CA.1500 Marco Polo		collection: Architecture in Italy collection: Giotto collection: Botticelli text DANTE "The Divine Comedy" Illustrat. by G. Dore, W. Blake, S. Dali, Botticelli text BOCCACCIO "The Decameron" Illustrations by Salvador Dali text PETRARCH "Song Book"


	Spain and Portugal in the Middle Ages 8TH-15TH CENTURY		text "The Lay of the Cid" с. 1075


	Northern Europe 8TH-16TH CENTURY		text "Beowulf"


	Eastern Europe 10TH-15TH CENTURY The Hussites


	Russia 9TH-16TH CENTURY		collection: Russian Architecture and Russian Icons


	The Byzantine Empire 867-1453		Byzantine Art


	Southeast Europe 7TH-15TH CENTURY		text "Dracula" by Bram Stoker


	The Crusades 11TH-15TH CENTURY		collection: The History of the Crusades illustrations by Gustave Dore


	Key Ideas: Islam		A Brief History of Religions


	The Spread of Islam 622-CA. 1519


	The Mongolian Empire and Its Successors 12TH-15TH CENTURY


	India 500-1500		THE ART OF ASIA collection: Indian Court Painting collection: The Love Temples of Khajuraho text "Kama Sutra"


	China after the Han Dynasty 220-1279		THE ART OF ASIA


	Japan CA.400-1338		THE ART OF ASIA text MURASAKI SHIKIBU "The Tale of Genji" с 1004


	Southeast Asia 5TH-15TH CENTURY		THE ART OF ASIA


	Sub-Saharan Africa 5TH-15TH CENTURY


	The Settlement and Cultures of America СА.15ТН CENTURY B.C.-15TH CENTURY A.D.


	TIMELINE		TIMELINE

	The Early Modern Period 16th - 18th century		RENAISSANCE ART BAROQUE AND ROCOCO ART Artists that Changed the World THE 17-18th CENTURY LITERATURE RENAISSANCE PHILOSOPHY CLASSICAL MUSIC-The Middle Ages and the Renaissance, The Baroque Era


	The Early Modern Period Humanism and the Renaissance Counter-Reformation Absolutism and Enlightenment		RENAISSANCE ART Masterpieces of World Literature text MACHIAVELLI "The Prince" HOBBES DESCARTES LOCKE SPINOZA LEIBNIZ GALILEO NEWTON MONTESQUIEU text VOLTAIRE "Candide" Illustrations by Moreau le Jeune ROUSSEAU KANT


	In Focus: The Reformation Reformation Lutheranism Protestantism Calvinism		A Brief History of Religions


	The German Empire: The Reformation and Its Consequences 1517-1609		collection: Durer collection: Cranach collection: Titian Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) George Frederick Handel (1685-1759)

	The Thirty Years' War 1618-1648		collection: Jacques Callot "Miseries of War"

	The Holy Roman Empire under Enlightened Absolutism 1648-1806

	France: From the Wars of Religion to the Eve of the Revolution 1562-1789 The Huguenots Marie de' Medici cycle by Peter Paul Rubens		collection: Cellini Benvenuto collection: Francois Clouet collection: Philippe de Champaigne collection: Charles Le Brun collection: Georges de La Tour text MONTAIGNE MICHEL "The Essays" text VOLTAIRE "Age of Louis XIV", "Candide" MONTESQUIEU MOLIERE RACINE


	Mistress of the king of France "Sun King" Louis XIV and his Mistresses Louis XV and his Mistresses		collection: Francois Boucher collection: Tintoretto collection: Fouquet Jean collection: Clouet Francois collection: Fragonard Jean-Honore

	The Rise of England 1485-CA.1800 Henry VIII and his wives		collection: Hans Holbein the younger text THOMAS MORE "Utopia" SWIFT JONATHAN BLAKE WILLIAM BURNS ROBERT NEWTON ISAAC


	Elizabethan Age		SHAKESPEARE WILLIAM text BACON FRANCIS "New Atlantis" William Byrd, composer collection: Theodore De Bry "Indians of North America"
			collection: Antony van Dyck collection: Canaletto Collection: William Hogarth "A Harlot's Progress" text MILTON JOHN "Paradise Lost" CLASSICAL MUSIC:The Baroque Era - Handel, composer


	The Netherlands: From the Struggle to the French Occupation 1477-1795		collection: Bruegel collection: Rubens collection: Rembrandt collection: Frans Hals collection: Jacob Jordaens

	The Italy of Popes and Princes СА.1450-CA.1800		collection: Leonardo da Vinci collection: Michelangelo collection: Raphael collection: Titian collection: Pinturicchio collection: Gian Lorenzo Bernini text VASARI "Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects" text ARIOSTO "Orlando Enraged" canto 1-4 text TASSO TORQUATO "Jerusalem Delivered" Alessandro Scarlatti (1659-1725) Antonio Vivaldi (c. 1678-1741)


	The Borgias		text MACHIAVELLI NICCOLO "The Prince"


	Renaissance Women		collections: Sandro Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Titian collection: Piero di Cosimo collection: Alessandro Allori collection: Correggio collection: Tintoretto


	Medici Family		collection: Benozzo Gozzoli collection: Bronzino


	Spain and Portugal 1500-1800 Christopher Columbus Battle of Lepanto El Greco: The Burial of Count Orgaz The Spanish Armada Las Meninas or The Family of Philip IV The Surrender of Breda		collection: El Greco collection: Velazquez collection: Veronese collection: Tintoretto collection: Francisco de Goya collection: Picasso's studies of Las Menina


	Inquisition Heresy The Persecution of the "Witches" Bosch's Monsters Baldung's Witches Goya's Demons		collection: Revelations. Devil Art of the Apocalypse collection: Alchemy & Mysticism. The Hermetic Cabinet collection: Hieronymus Bosch collection: Hans Baldung Grien collection: Francisco de Goya collection: "Faeries" by H. Johnson collection: "Good faeries & bad faeries" by B. Froud


	Eastern Europe and Scandinavia 1500-1800		collection: Sebastien Bourdon


	Russia's Rise as a Great Power 1613-1801		collection: Vasili Perov collection: Vasily Surikov collection: Ilya Repin collection: Mstislav Dobuzhinsky collection: Alexandre Benois collection: Valentin Serov collection: Ostroumova-Lebedeva text PUSHKIN ALEXANDER "The Bronze Horseman"


	The Ottoman Empire, the Great Power of the East CA.1300-1792 The Harem		collection: Orientalism collection: Jean-Leon Gerome collection: Theodore Chasseriau collection: Mariano Fortuny y Carbo collection: John Frederick Lewis collection: Georges Clairin collection: Francois Boucher collection: Ingres collection: Delacroix collection: Henri Matisse


	North Africa 16TH-18TH CENTURY

	Persia under the Safavids and Qajars CA.1450-1921


	Mogul India and the European Trading Companies 1526-CA.1800		THE ART OF ASIA collection: Indian Court Painting


	China under the Ming and Manchu Emperors 1368-CA.1800		THE ART OF ASIA CONFUCIUS


	Japan from the Muromachi Period to the Tokugawa Shogunate 1338-1868		THE ART OF ASIA collection: Japanese Ukiyo-e collection: Japanese Prints collection: Hiroshige's "Tokaido" collection: Hokusai's "Views of Mt. Fuji" and "Panoramic View of Sumidagawa River" collection: Tsukioka Yoshitoshi "Tsuki hyakushi" - 100 Aspects of the Moon collection: Sesshu's Long Scrolll


	Southeast Asia 1500-1800		THE ART OF ASIA


	Africa 1500-1800 African Masks


	The Ancient American Empires and the Conquest by Spain and Portugal CA.1500-1800 Human sacrifice in Aztec culture		collection: Sacrifice of Isaac


	North America to the Founding of Canada and the United States 1497-1789		collection: Church Frederic Edwin collection: Benjamin West collection: Theodore De Bry Indians of North America


	Oceania and Australia to the Arrival of the Europeans 16TH-18TH CENTURY Tahiti women		collection: Paul Gauguin


	TIMELINE		TIMELINE

	The Modern Era 1789 - 1914		NEOCLASSICISM, ROMANTICISM ART ART STYLES IN 19TH CENTURY Artists that Changed the World Design and Posters Photography THE 18-19th CENTURY LITERATURE MODERN PHILOSOPHY CLASSICAL MUSIC-The Classical Era, the Romantic Era, the Romantic Legacy


	The French Revolution 1789 - 1799 Declaration of the Rights of Man - 1789 Marie Antoinette The Death of Marat The Reign of Terror		collection: Between Two Revolutions (From David to Delacroix) collection: Jacques-Louis David


	In Focus: The French Revolution


	Napoleonic Domination 1792 - 1814 Emma, Lady Hamilton Napoleon Bonaparte		collection: Andrea Appiani collection: Francisco de Goya collection: Joseph Mallord William Turner collection: Francois Gerard collection: Pierre-Paul Prud'hon collection: Jacques-Louis David collection: Jean-Antoine Gros collection: Francois Gerard collection: Jean-Leon Gerome collection: Jean-Auguste Dominique Ingres collection: Thomas Rowlandson


	The Industrial Revolution Begins in Europe CA.1750 - 1848 Liberalism		collection: Between Two Revolutions (From David to Delacroix) ADAM SMITH collection: Eugene Delacroix collection: Thomas Rowlandson


	German States: The Reshaping of Austria and Prussia 1815-1871 Biedermeier style "Sisi"		text GOETHE JOHANN "Faust" text FREUD SIGMUND "The Interpretation of Dreams" text NIETZSCHE FRIEDRICH "Thus Spake Zarathustra" collection: Carl Spitzweg collection: Georg Friedrich Kersting


	Imperial Germany 1871-1914


	Austria-Hungary 1867-1914 anti-Semitism Viennese Modernism		collection: Gustav Klimt collection: Egon Schiele HUGO VON HOFMANNSTHAL, "Poems" SIGMUND FREUD, "The Interpretation of Dreams" Gustav Mahler, composer Arnold Schoenberg, composer


	France 1814-1914 Nadar and Sarah Bernhardt The Dreyfus Affair		collection: Between Two Revolutions (From David to Delacroix) collection: Eugene Delacroix collection: Gustave Courbet collection: Francois Gerard text CHARLES BAUDELAIRE "The Flowers of Evil" text EMILE ZOLA "J'accuse" (I accuse) Nadar Sarah Bernhardt


	Great Britain 1830-1914		collection: Thomas Gainsborough text BYRON GEORGE "Don Juan" text CARROLL LEWIS "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"


	Victorian Era 1837-1901		Pre-Raphaelites Official Art (Academic Art) Art, Technology and Industry Furnishings and Fashions Graphic Design a new History


	The Benelux Countries 1815-1914		collection: Vincent van Gogh collection: Mengs Anton Raphael


	Italy from the Congress of Vienna to the Eve of World War I 1815-1914


	Portugal and Spain 1814-1914		collection: Goya


	Scandinavia CA.1800-1917		composer Edvard Grieg IBSEN HENRIK


	European royal families House of Bonaparte House of Bourbon House of Capet House of Carolingian House of Habsburg House of Hanover House of Lancaster House of Plantagenet House of Stuart House of Tudor House of Valois House of Windsor House of York


	Russia from the Treaty of Tilsit to the Abdication of the Last Czar 1807-1917 Anarchism Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion Beilis Affair The last Russian emperor Nicholas II		collection: Ilya Repin collection: Mikhail Vrubel Russian Silver Age World of Art (Mir iskusstva) - 1898 text PUSHKIN ALEXANDER "Eugene Onegin", "The Bronze Horseman" DOSTOEVSKI FYODOR TOLSTOY LEO CHEKHOV ANTON composer Glinka composer Tchaikovsky composer Scriabin


	The Balkans 1821-1914		collection: Eugene Delacroix text BYRON GEORGE "Don Juan"


	The Ottoman Empire CA.18007-1914


	Egypt 1798-1914


	Persia and Afghanistan CA.1800-1914


	India CA.1800-1914		THE ART OF ASIA EXPLORATION: Indian Court Painting


	China to the Last of the Emperors CA.1840-1912		THE ART OF ASIA


	Japan 1854-1912		THE ART OF ASIA EXPLORATION: Japanese Ukiyo-e collection: Japanese Prints Hiroshige's "Tokaido" Hokusai's "Views of Mt. Fuji" and "Panoramic View of Sumidagawa River" Tsukioka Yoshitoshi "Tsuki hyakushi" - 100 Aspects of the Moon Sesshu's Long Scrolll "East and West"


	Southeast Asia UNTIL 1914		THE ART OF ASIA


	African State Building and Colonization 1814-1914 Zulu Dance


	The United States: Beginnings and Rise to World Power 1789-1917 Founding Fathers The Statue of Liberty in New York		text LONGFELLOW HENRY "The Song of Hiawatha"


	Latin America 1810-1914		collection: Diego Rivera collection: Jose Orozco collection: David Siqueiros


	TIMELINE		TIMELINE

	The World Wars and Interwar Period 1914 - 1945		ART OF THE 20TH CENTURY Artists that Changed the World Design and Posters Photography MODERNIST LITERATURE CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY CLASSICAL MUSIC-The Modern Age Josephine Baker Vintage Photography Gallery Pin-Up Art


	The First World War 1914-1918


	Key Ideas: Ideologies of the 20th Century Democracy Communism Fascism National Socialism		Socialist Realism National Socialist Art


	The Unpopular Democracy: The German Reich 1918-1933 Brigitte Helm in Metropolis		Marlene Dietrich-film star


	Under the Swastika: Nazi Germany 1933-1939 Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun Public Book Burning Kristallnacht The 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin Film Stars of the Third Reich		National Socialist Art collection: John Heartfield


	Austria: From Habsburg Empire to German "Ostmark" 1918-1945


	Switzerland: Island of Stability 1914-1945


	France: Insecurity and Occupation 1918-1945 Munich agreement


	Britain between the World Wars 1919-1939 Munich agreement


	Ireland: Division and Independence 1914-1949


	Belgium and the Netherlands 1914-1945 Atrocity Propaganda


	Italy under Fascism 1919-1945 Benito Mussolini and Clara Pettaci


	Spain and Portugal 1914-1945 Federico Garcia Lorca and Salvador Dali Robert Capa "Spanish Loyalist" War, Art and "Guernica"		collection: Picasso collection: Dali Federico Garcia Lorca ROBERT CAPA


	Scandinavia and the Baltic 1917-1944


	Poland 1914-1939 Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact Katyn Massacre


	Hungary and Czechoslovakia 1914-1945 Munich agreement


	The Soviet Union 1917-1939 The last Russian emperor Nicholas II Red Terror Vladimir Lenin *The Great Famine-Genocide in Soviet Ukraine (Holodomor)* German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact Great Purge Great Purge and Intelligentsia Iosif Stalin		Socialist Realism EXPLORATION (in Russian): Osip Mandelshtam Marina Tsvetaeva Anna Achmatova


	Southeast Europe between the Wars 1914-1945


	The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire 1914-1945


	The Reorganization of Arabia 1918-1945 Palestine: A Religio-Political Conflict Is Born


	Iran and Afghanistan: Battle for Independence CA.1900-1945


	India's Path to Independence UNTIL 1947


	China between Empire and Communism 1911-1949


	Imperial Japan and Southeast Asia 1914-1945 Atomic Attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Manhattan Project


	The British Commonwealth: Emancipation of the British Colonies 1914-1945


	Africa under Colonial Rule THROUGH 1939


	Ethiopia and Egypt: Between Subjugation and Independence UNTIL 1945


	Euphoria and Depression: The US between 1917-1945 Manhattan Project		Josephine Baker A Brief History of Jazz HOLLYWOOD (The Golden Age) Pin-Up Art


	Latin America 1914-1945		collection: Diego Rivera


	In Focus: World War II


	The Second World War 1939-1945

	*The Holocaust of European Jewry* (1933-1945)** German Instrument of Surrender Nuremberg Trials The Trial of Adolf Eichmann		collection: Marc Chagall


	TIMELINE		TIMELINE

	The Contemporary World 1945 to the present		ART OF THE 20TH CENTURY Artists that Changed the World Design and Posters Photography MODERNIST LITERATURE CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY CLASSICAL MUSIC-The Modern Age


	Trends in World Politics United Nations


	The Path to European Unity


	Germany SINCE 1945 United Nations member states-Germany


	Austria SINCE 1945 United Nations member states-Austria


	Switzerland SINCE 1945 United Nations member states-Switzerland


	Great Britain: From Commonwealth to European Union SINCE 1945 United Nations member states- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland		text ORWELL GEORGE "Nineteen Eighty-Four"


	Ireland SINCE 1945 United Nations member states-Ireland


	France SINCE 1945 United Nations member states-France		collection: Picasso collection: Chagall


	Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembour SINCE 1945 United Nations member states- Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg


	Italy SINCE 1945 United Nations member states-Italy Andorra, Malta, Monaco, San Marino


	Spain: From Military Dictatorship to Constitutional Monarchy SINCE 1945 United Nations member states-Spain		collection: Dali


	Portugal SINCE 1945 United Nations member states-Portugal


	Northern Europe SINCE 1945 Christian X King of Denmark - Legend and trivia United Nations member states- Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland


	Eastern and Central Europe SINCE 1945 Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Prague Spring, 1968 United Nations member states- Hungary, Poland,Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania


	Yugoslavia SINCE 1945 United Nations member states- Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia


	Greece and Turkey SINCE 1945 United Nations member states-Greece, Turkey, Cyprus


	The Soviet Union and Its Successor States SINCE 1945 GULAG Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Prague Spring, 1968 Soviet dissidents The Chernobyl disaster United Nations member states- Russian Federation, Ukraine,Belarus, Moldova, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan		Soviet Nonconformist Art ANNA AKHMATOVA ALEKSANDR SOLZHENITSYN JOSEPH BRODSKY Shostakovich


	Northwest Africa SINCE 1945 United Nations member states-Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria


	Key Ideas: Zionism


	Israel SINCE 1948 1948: the War of Independence 1967: the Six-Day War 1973: Yom Kippur War Chagall in Israel United Nations member states-Israel		Collection: David Roberts "A Journey in the Holy Land" Collection: Marc Chagall


	The Arab World and the Near East SINCE 1945 United Nations member states- Jordan, Egypt, Libya,Syria,Lebanon, Saudi Arabia,Yemen, Kuwait,United Arab Emirates,Bahrain,Qatar,Oman Iraq,Iran,Afghanistan


	Pakistan and India SINCE 1947 United Nations member states- Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Bhutan, Nepal


	Southeast Asia SINCE 1945 United Nations member states- Sri Lanka,Indonesia,Malaysia, Singapore,Brunei Darussalam,Maldives Philippines,Myanmar,Thailand,Laos,Cambodia,Viet Nam


	China, Japan and Korea SINCE 1945 United Nations member states- China, Japan, Republic of Korea, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolia


	Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania SINCE 1945 United Nations member states- Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu


	Africa since the Independence of Its Nations SINCE 1945 United Nations member states- Angola,Benin,Botswana,Burkina Faso,Burundi,Cameroon, Cape Verde,Central African Republic,Chad,Comoros,Congo, Cote d'Ivoire,Democratic Republic of the Congo,Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea,Eritrea,Ethiopia,Gabon,Gambia,Ghana, Guinea,Guinea-Bissau,Kenya,Lesotho,Madagascar,Malawi, Mali,Mauritania,Mauritius,Mozambique,Namibia,Niger,Nigeria, Rwanda,Sao Tome and Principe,Senegal,Seychelles,Sierra Leone, Somalia,South Africa,Sudan,Swaziland,Tanzania,Togo,Uganda, Zambia,Zimbabwe,


	Canada SINCE 1945 United Nations member states-Canada		"American way of life"


	The United States: Global Power SINCE 1945 "American way of life" John F. Kennedy assassination Clinton-Lewinsky scandal United Nations member states-United States of America		Pop Art Collection: Andy Warhol Bernstein Idols (Elvisiana. Elvis Presley-Pop Idol. Marilyn Monroe "American symbol")


	Latin America SINCE 1945 United Nations member states- NORTH AMERICA Antigua and Barbuda,Bahamas,Barbados,Belize, Costa Rica,Cuba,Dominica,Dominican Republic, El Salvador,Grenada,Guatemala,Haiti,Honduras Jamaica,Mexico,Nicaragua,Panama, Saint Kitts and Nevis,Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,Trinidad and Tobago SOUTH AMERICA Argentina,Bolivia,Brazil,Chile,Colombia, Ecuador,Guyana,Paraguay,Peru, Suriname,Uruguay,Venezuela		Collection: Fernando Botero


	Key Ideas: Globalization

	In Focus: The sexual revolution
	In Focus: Terrorism

APPENDIX

(Encyclopaedia Britannica)


	History of Europe Prehistory The Metal Ages Greeks, Romans, and barbarians The Middle Ages The Renaissance The emergence of modern Europe, 1500–1648 The great age of monarchy, 1648–1789 Revolution and the growth of industrial society, 1789–1914 European society and culture since 1914

United Nations

United Nations member states

Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan	Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi	Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic	Democratic People's Republic of Korea Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic
Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia	Fiji Finland France	Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana	Haiti Honduras Hungary
Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy	Jamaica Japan Jordan	Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan	Lao People's Democratic Republic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg
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