Dictionary of Art and Artists











NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC




Visual History of the World


(Foreword by Douglas G. Brinkley)










 


HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION & CULTURE

From Prehistoric to Romanesque  Art
Gothic Art
Renaissance  Art
Baroque and Rococo Art
The Art of Asia
Neoclassicism, Romanticism  Art
Art Styles in 19th century
Art of the 20th century
Artists that Changed the World
Design and Posters
Photography
Classical Music
Literature and Philosophy

Visual History of the World
I. Prehistory
II. First Empires
III. The Ancient World
IV. The Middle Ages
V. The Early Modern Period
VI. The Modern Era
VII. The World Wars and Interwar Period
VIII. The Contemporary World

Dictionary of Art and Artists

 
 
 
 
 


 


 
 
Visual History of the World - part I
     
         
  Prehistory 

From the Beginning to ca.4000 B.C.
 
  FROM PREHISTORIC TO ROMANESQUE ART

Artists that Changed the World
 
         
  The Stone Age: The Beginning of Mankind
It All Began in Africa
Early Hominoids
Territorial Expansion
Campsites and the Use of Tools
Fire and the Hunt
Language and Burial of the Dead
Religion and Cults
The Art of Early Man
The "Neolithic Revolution"

The Tell Cultures
  collection: Charles Estienne "De dissectione partium corporis humani libri tres"
 
 


 


 
 
Visual History of the World - part II
     
         
  First Empires 

ca. 7000 B.C. - 200 A.D.
  FROM PREHISTORIC TO ROMANESQUE ART

THE ART OF ASIA

Artists that Changed the World
 
 
         
  The First Great Civilizations

ca. 7000 B.C. - 200 A.D.
 
     
         
  Migration of Peoples      
         
  The Early States of Mesopotamia

CA. 3OOO-539 B.C.
 
  text "The Epic of Gilgamesh"  
         
  Ancient Egypt

CA. 29OO-332 B.C.

Egyptian religion (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
  The Art of the Ancient Kingdoms
Illustration from the Book of the Dead
Egyptian Goddess
 
         
  The Hittites

CA. 1570-CA. 650 B.C.
 
     
         
  Kingdoms on the Borders of the Fertile Crescent.      
         
  Syria and Palestine.

3000-332 B.C.
 
  collection: The Rape of Europa
collection:
David
collection:
Bathsheba
collection:
Solomon
text KING SOLOMON "Song of Songs"
 
         
  Key Ideas: Judaism

The history of Judaism (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
 
  collection: Moses
collection:
Judith
collection:
Delilah
collection:
Susanna
collection: Salome
see also: THE BIBLE (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
The Bible illustrations by
Julius von Carolsfeld, Gustave Dore,  William Blake
 
         
  The Medes and the Persian Empire of the Achaemenids

ca. 800-330 B.C.
 
     
         
  The Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes

ca. 1000-200 B.C.
.
     
         
  Key Ideas: The Religions of India, China, and Japan

Hinduism, Buddhism, Daoism, Confucianism, Shinto (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
     
         
  India from the Beginnings to the Invasion of Alexander

ca. 7000-325 B.C.
 
  Art of the Indus
collection:
Ramayana illustrations
 
         
  Early China up to the "Warring States" Period.

5000-221 B.C.

Hundred Schools of Thought (From Wikipedia)
 
  Ancient Chinese Art  


 


 
 
Visual History of the World - part III
     
         
  The Ancient World 

ca. 2500 B.C. - 900 A.D.
  FROM PREHISTORIC TO ROMANESQUE ART

Artists that Changed the World

THE FOUNDATIONS OF WESTERN LITERATURE

CLASSICAL  LITERATURE


ANCIENT GREEK AND ROMAN FHILOSOPHY
 
 
         
  The Culture of the Greeks and Romans

Trojan War (Encyclopaedia Britannica)

Greek Mythology (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
  Greek and Roman Myths in Art
collection: Venus - The Evening Star
collection: Leda and the Swan - myth in art
collection: Ancient Greek Sculpture
text
HOMER "Iliad", "Odyssey"
text OVID "Metamorphoses"
text
"Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes" by E. Hamilton
text
"Bulfinch's Mythology" by T. Bulfinch
text
VERGIL "The Aeneid"
 
     

 

 

 
 
  Crete and Mycenae - The Beginnings of Greek Culture      
         
  Classical Greece from the Culture of the Polis

8TH-3RD CENTURY B.C.
 
  collection: Greek vase painting
collection: Praxiteles
 
         
  The Rise and Fall of a World Power

7TH-1ST CENTURY B.C.

Alexander the Great (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
 
  text  ARISTOTLE "Poetics"
collection: Aristotle and P
hyllis
 
         
  Judea and Arabia before the Romans

CA.1100 B.C.-136 A.D.
 
  ccollection: Massacre of the Innocents
text "The Arabian Nights"
 
         
  Carthage: World Power and Rival of Rome

814-44 B.C.
 
     
         
  The Etruscans: The League to the Roman Empire

7th century B.C.-1stcentury B.C.
 
     
         
  Rome: From the Beginnings to the End of the Republic

753-82 B.C.
 
  collection: Romulus and Remus, The Rape of the Sabine Women
collection: Tarquin and Lucretia
 
         
  In Focus: The Roman Empire

Early Rome (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
 
 
 
         
  The Rule of the Generals and Imperial Rome

74 B.C.-192 A.D.

Pompeii(Encyclopaedia Britannica)
  collection: Cleopatra
collection: Pompeii
 
         
  From Constantine to the Rise of Byzantium

312-867
 
     
         
  Key Ideas: Christianity

The history of Christianity (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
  collection: Annunciation in Art
collection: Adoration of the Magi
collection: Flight to Egypt
collection:
The Holy Family
collection: Mary Magdalene
see also:
THE BIBLE
(Encyclopaedia Britannica)
The Bible illustrations by
Julius von Carolsfeld, Gustave Dore,  William Blake
 
         
  Armenia and Asia Minor

550 B.C.-CA 200 A.D.
 
     
         
  Persia under the Parthians and the Sassanians

250 B.C.-651 A.D.

Manichaeism (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
Zoroaster (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
  text ZARATHUSTRA "Zoroaster Hymns of the Zend Avesta"  
         
  Celts, Slavs, and Germanic Tribes

б ТН CENTURY B.C.-7 TH CENTURY A.D.
 
  text "THE LEGENDS OF KING ARTHUR AND HIS KMIGHTS" by J. Knowles
text
"King Arthur and of his Noble Knights" by Sir Thomas Malory
text "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight"
text "Idylls of the King" by Alfred Tennyson
text "The Poetic Edda"
 
         
  The Great Migration of Peoples

375-568 A.D.
 
  collection: The Course of Empire and The Voyage of Life, series  by Thomas Cole  
         
  The Nomad Empires of the Eurasian Steppes

3RD CENTURY B.C.- 7TH CENTURY A.D.
 
  collection: The Martyrdom of Saint Ursula  
         
  Ancient India

321 B.C.-500 A.D.
 
  collection: Mahabharata illustrations by Ravi Varma
collection:
Ramayana illustrations
 
         
  China's First Emperors of the Qin and Han Dynasties

221 B.C.-220 A.D.
     
         
  The First Kingdoms in North and Africa

CA.1000 B.C.-8TH CENTURY A.D.
 
     


 


 
 
Visual History of the World - part IV
     
         
  The Middle Ages  

5th - 15th century
  GOTHIC ART

THE ART OF ASIA

Artists that Changed the World

LITERATURE THE MIDDLE AGES AND THE RENAISSANCE

MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY

CLASSICAL MUSIC-The Middle Ages and the Renaissance
 
 
         
  The Middle Ages

Feudalism (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
     
         
  The Germanic Empires

5TH CENTURY-774

Nibelungenlied (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
  collection: Architecture in Germany
collection: The Ring of the Nibelung illustrations by Arthur Rackham
text "The Nibelungenlied"
 
         
  The Kingdom of the Franks

486-843
 
     
         
  The Holy Roman Empire in the High and Late Middle Ages

911-1519
 
  text "Song of Roland"  
         
  Switzerland

1291-1848
 
     
         
  France in the High and Late Middle Ages

843-1515

Saint Joan of Arc (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
  Architecture in France
collection: Fouquet Jean
collection: Joan of Arc
 
         
  Burgundy and the Netherlands

6TH-15TH C
 
  collection: Charles the Bold & Mary of Burgundy
collection: Bosch Hieronymus
 
         
  England in the Middle Ages

CA. 450-1485

Wars of the Roses (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
  collection: Architecture in England
collection:
The Bayeux Tapestry  "Propaganda on cloth"
text
"The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood" by H. Pyle
 
         
  Ireland and Scotland in the Middle Ages

CA. 450-1603
 
     
         
  Italy in the Middle Ages

CA.600-CA.1500

Marco Polo (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
 
  collection: Architecture in Italy
collection: Giotto
collection: Botticelli
text
DANTE "The Divine Comedy" Illustrat. by G. Dore, W. Blake, S. Dali, Botticelli
text
BOCCACCIO "The Decameron" Illustrations by Salvador Dali
text
PETRARCH "Song Book"
 
         
  Spain and Portugal in the Middle Ages

8TH-15TH CENTURY
 
  text "The Lay of the Cid" с. 1075  
         
  Northern Europe

8TH-16TH CENTURY
 
  text "Beowulf"  
         
  Eastern Europe

10TH-15TH CENTURY

The Hussites (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
     
         
  Russia

9TH-16TH CENTURY
 
  collection: Russian Architecture and Russian Icons  
         
  The Byzantine Empire

867-1453
 
  Byzantine Art  
         
  Southeast Europe

7TH-15TH CENTURY
 
  text "Dracula" by Bram Stoker   
         
  The Crusades

11TH-15TH CENTURY

Crusades (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
  collection: The History of the Crusades illustrations by Gustave Dore   
         
  Key Ideas: Islam

Islam (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
     
         
  The Spread of Islam

622-CA. 1519
 
     
         
  The Mongolian Empire and Its Successors

12TH-15TH CENTURY
 
     
         
  India

500-1500
 
  collection: Indian Court Painting
collection: The Love Temples of Khajuraho
text
"Kama Sutra"
 
         
  China after the Han Dynasty

220-1279
 
     
         
  Japan

CA.400-1338
 
  text MURASAKI SHIKIBU "The Tale of Genji"  с 1004  
         
  Southeast Asia

5TH-15TH CENTURY
 
     
         
  Sub-Saharan Africa

5TH-15TH CENTURY
 
     
         
  The Settlement and Cultures of America

СА.15ТН CENTURY B.C.-15TH CENTURY A.D.
 
     


 


 
 
Visual History of the World - part V
     
         
  The Early Modern Period 

16th - 18th century
  RENAISSANCE ART

BAROQUE AND ROCOCO ART

Artists that Changed the World

THE 17-18th CENTURY LITERATURE

RENAISSANCE PHILOSOPHY

CLASSICAL MUSIC-The Middle Ages and the Renaissance, The Baroque Era
 
 
         
  The Early Modern Period
Humanism and the Renaissance
Counter-Reformation
Absolutism and Enlightenment

 

 
RENAISSANCE ART
Masterpieces of World Literature
text MACHIAVELLI "The Prince"
HOBBES
DESCARTES

LOCKE
SPINOZA
LEIBNIZ
GALILEO
NEWTON
MONTESQUIEU
text VOLTAIRE "Candide" Illustrations by  Moreau le Jeune
ROUSSEAU
KANT

 
 
         
  In Focus: The Reformation

Reformation (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
Lutheranism
(Encyclopaedia Britannica)
Protestantism
(Encyclopaedia Britannica)
Calvinism (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
     
         
  The German Empire: The Reformation and Its Consequences

1517-1609
 
  collection: Durer
collection: Cranach
collection:
Titian
 
 
         
  The Thirty Years' War

1618-1648
 
  collection: Jacques Callot "Miseries of War"  
         
  The Holy Roman Empire under Enlightened Absolutism

1648-1806

 
     
         
  France: From the Wars of Religion to the Eve of the Revolution

1562-1789

The Huguenots  (Encyclopaedia Britannica)

Marie de' Medici cycle by Peter Paul Rubens
 
  collection: Cellini Benvenuto
collection: Francois Clouet
collection: Philippe de Champaigne
collection: Charles Le Brun
collection: Georges de La Tour
text
MONTAIGNE MICHEL "The Essays"
text VOLTAIRE "Age of Louis XIV", "Candide"
MONTESQUIEU
MOLIERE
RACINE
 
         
  Mistress of the king of France

"Sun King" Louis XIV and his Mistresses
Louis XV and his Mistresses
  collection: Francois Boucher
collection: Tintoretto
collection: Fouquet Jean
collection: Clouet Francois
collection: Fragonard Jean-Honore
 
     

 
 
  The Rise of England

1485-CA.1800

Henry VIII and his wives
  collection: Hans Holbein the younger
text THOMAS MORE "Utopia"
SWIFT JONATHAN
BLAKE  WILLIAM
BURNS ROBERT
NEWTON ISAAC
 
         
  Elizabethan Age   SHAKESPEARE WILLIAM
text BACON  FRANCIS "New Atlantis"
William Byrd,
composer
collection: Theodore De Bry "Indians of North America"
 
 
      collection: Antony van Dyck
collection: Canaletto
Collection:
William Hogarth "A Harlot's Progress"

text
MILTON  JOHN "Paradise Lost"
CLASSICAL MUSIC:The Baroque Era - Handel, composer
 
         
  The Netherlands: From the Struggle to the French Occupation

1477-1795
 
  collection: Bruegel
collection: Rubens
collection: Rembrandt
collection: Frans Hals
collection:
Jacob Jordaens
 
     



 
 
  The Italy of Popes and Princes

СА.1450-CA.1800
  collection: Leonardo da Vinci
collection: Michelangelo
collection: Raphael
collection: Titian
collection: Pinturicchio
collection: Gian Lorenzo Bernini
text VASARI "Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects"
text ARIOSTO "Orlando Enraged" canto 1-4
text
TASSO TORQUATO   "Jerusalem Delivered"
 
         
  The Borgias   text MACHIAVELLI NICCOLO "The Prince"  
         
  Renaissance Women   collections: Sandro Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Titian
collection:
Piero di Cosimo
collection: Alessandro Allori
collection: Correggio
collection: Tintoretto
 
         
  Medici Family   collection: Benozzo Gozzoli
collection: Bronzino
 
         
  Spain and Portugal

1500-1800
  collection: El Greco
collection:
Velazquez
 
 
         
  Eastern Europe and Scandinavia      
         
  Russia's Rise as a Great Power      
         
  The Ottoman Empire, the Great Power of the East      
         
  North Africa      
         
  Persia under the Safavids and Qajars      
         
  Mogul India and the European Trading Companies   collection: Indian Court Painting  
         
  China under the Ming and Manchu Emperors      
         
  Japan from the Muromachi Period to the Tokugawa Shogunate   collection: Japanese Ukiyo-e
collection: Japanese Prints
collection: Sesshu's Long Scrolll (commentary by Reiko Chiba)
 
         
  Southeast Asia      
         
  Africa      
         
  The Ancient American Empires and the Conquest by Spain and Portugal      
         
  North America to the Founding of Canada and the United States   collection: Theodore De Bry Indians of North America  
         
  Oceania and Australia to the Arrival of the Europeans      


 


 
 
Visual History of the World - part VI
     
         
  The Modern Era 

1789 - 1914
  NEOCLASSICISM, ROMANTICISM ART

ART STYLES IN 19TH CENTURY

Artists that Changed the World
Design and Posters
Photography

THE 18-19th CENTURY LITERATURE

MODERN PHILOSOPHY

CLASSICAL MUSIC-The Classical Era, the Romantic Era, the Romantic Legacy
 
         
  The French Revolution      
         
  In Focus: The French Revolution      
         
  Napoleonic Domination      
         
  The Industrial Revolution Begins in Europe      
         
  German States: The Reshaping of Austria  and Prussia   text GOETHE JOHANN "Faust"
text FREUD  SIGMUND "The Interpretation of Dreams"
text
NIETZSCHE FRIEDRICH "Thus Spake Zarathustra"
 
         
  Imperial Germany      
         
  Austria-Hungary      
         
  France   collection: David
collection: Delacroix
 
         
  Great Britain   text BYRON GEORGE "Don Juan"
text
CARROLL  LEWIS "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"
 
         
  The Benelux Countries      
         
  Italy from the Congress of Vienna to the Eve of  World War I      
         
  Portugal and Spain   collection: Goya  
         
  Scandinavia      
         
  European royal families

House of Bonaparte
House of Bourbon
House of Capet
House of Carolingian
House of Habsburg
House of Hanover
House of Lancaster
House of Plantagenet
House of Stuart
House of Tudor
House of Valois
House of Windsor
House of York
     
         
  Russia from the Treaty of Tilsit to the Abdication of the Last Czar   text PUSHKIN ALEXANDER "Eugene Onegin", "The Bronze Horseman"  
         
  The Balkans      
         
  The Ottoman Empire      
         
  Egypt      
         
  Persia and Afghanistan      
         
  India      
         
  China to the Last of the Emperors      
         
  Japan      
         
  Southeast Asia      
         
  African State Building and Colonization      
         
  The United States: Beginnings and Rise to World Power   text LONGFELLOW HENRY "The Song of Hiawatha"  
         
  Latin America      


 


 
 
Visual History of the World - part VII
     
         
  The World Wars and Interwar Period 

1914 - 1945
  ART OF THE 20TH CENTURY

Artists that Changed the World
Design and Posters
Photography

MODERNIST LITERATURE

CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY

CLASSICAL MUSIC-The Modern Age
 
         
  The First World War      
         
  Key Ideas: Ideologies of the 20th Century      
         
  The Unpopular Democracy: The German Reich      
         
  Under the Swastika: Nazi Germany      
         
  Austria: From Habsburg Empire to German "Ostmark"      
         
  Switzerland: Island of Stability      
         
  France: Insecurity and Occupation   text BRETON ANDRE Manifesto of Surrealism  
         
  Britain between the World Wars      
         
  Ireland: Division and Independence      
         
  Belgium and the Netherlands: Objects of German Power Politics      
         
  Italy under Fascism      
         
  Spain and Portugal      
         
  Scandinavia and the Baltic      
         
  Poland      
         
  Hungary and Czechoslovakia      
         
  The Soviet Union      
         
  Southeast Europe between the Wars      
         
  The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire      
         
  The Reorganization of Arabia      
         
  Iran and Afghanistan: Battle for Independence      
         
  India's Path to Independence      
         
  China between Empire and Communism      
         
  Imperial Japan and Southeast Asia      
         
  The British Commonwealth: Emancipation of the British Colonies      
         
  Africa under Colonial Rule      
         
  Ethiopia and Egypt: Between Subjugation and Independence      
         
  Euphoria and Depression: The US between      
         
  Latin America   collection: Rivera  
         
  The Second World War      
         
  In Focus: World War II      


 


 
  Visual History of the World - part VIII      
         
  The Contemporary World 

1945 to the present
  ART OF THE 20TH CENTURY

Artists that Changed the World
Design and Posters
Photography

MODERNIST LITERATURE

CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY

CLASSICAL MUSIC-The Modern Age
 
         
  Trends in World Politics      
         
  The Path to European Unity      
         
  Germany      
         
  Austria      
         
  Switzerland      
         
  Great Britain: From Commonwealth to European Union   text ORWELL GEORGE "Nineteen Eighty-Four"  
         
  Ireland      
         
  France   collection: Picasso
collection: Chagall
 
         
  Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembour      
         
  Italy      
         
  Spain: From Military Dictatorship to Constitutional Monarchy   collection: Dali  
         
  Portugal      
         
  Northern Europe      
         
  Eastern and Central Europe      
         
  Yugoslavia      
         
  Greece and Turkey      
         
  The Soviet Union and Its Successor States      
         
  Northwest Africa      
         
  Israel      
         
  The Arab World and the Near East      
         
  Pakistan and India      
         
  Southeast Asia      
         
  China, Japan and Korea      
         
  Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania      
         
  Africa since the Independence of Its Nations      
         
  Canada      
         
  The United States: Global Power      
         
  Latin America      
         
  History of Europe

Encyclopaedia Britannica


Prehistory
The Metal Ages
Greeks, Romans, and barbarians

The Middle Ages
The Renaissance
The emergence of modern Europe, 1500–1648
The great age of monarchy, 1648–1789
Revolution and the growth of industrial society, 1789–1914
European society and culture since 1914
     
         
  Key Ideas: Globalization