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Z
Zadkine Ossip (1890—1967). Sculptor born in Smolensk, studied 111 Sunderland, London and in 1909 at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, Paris. In Paris he formed a deep admiration tor Rodin, but the most immediate impact upon him was
that of *Cubism. For a few years he experimented — like *Lipchitz, *Laurens and *Archipenko — with a disciplined analysis of the figure into an austere geometric arrangement of solids. In the 1920s his forms took on an essentially expressive significance, e.g. Prometheus, a fusion of figure and flame, and the torso of Orpheus (1949) and The Destroyed CAty (195 1—3).
Zapotec. Mexican pre-Columbian culture with its ceremonial centre at Monte Alban, near Oaxaca. The Z. ft. с. AD 300—900 and were succeeded apparently by the Mixtec. Among the most outstanding examples of their art are pottery urns in the shape of human figures wearing elaborate ornaments and fantastic headdresses.
Zenale Bernardino (d. 1526). Italian painter and architect, pupil of Foppa in Milan. He was a friend of Leonardo da Vinci and to some extent influenced by him. He frequently collaborated with *Butinone.
Zeuxis [ft. late 5th c. lie). Greek painter, pupil of Apollodoros and particularly renowned for a painting of Helen for the city ot Crotona 111 which he combined the best features of several young girls. He was reputed to have painted a bunch of grapes with such naturalism that the birds flew to peck at it.
Zick Januarius Johann Rasso (1730—97). German painter and architect who studied under his father Johann Z. (1702—62), a painter of religious subjects, and in Rome under Mengs. He produced many large-scale frescoes. He also painted portraits and genre scenes which showed the combined influences of *Mcngs and Rembrandt.
Zingaro, Lo. Antonio da *Solario
Zoffanyjohn (Johann Zoffani) (1733—1810). German painter who studied in Rome before he settled in Britain с 1760. One of the founder-members of the R.A., his patrons were Garrick's circle and the Royal Family. Some of his best paintings deal with the theatre, but he also painted a number of hack portraits and domestic scenes. During a stay in India (1783—90) Z. produced a great deal of work. (^)ueen (Charlotte with the Prime of Wales and Duke of York is one of his typical paintings.
Zoppo Marco (c 1432—с 1478). Italian painter, pupil of Squarcione at Padua but more strongly influenced by Cosimo Tura. He worked mainly in Venice.
Zorach William (1X87— T966). Lithuanian-born U.S. sculptor and painter. He began as a painter, studying in the U.S.A. and in Fans where he came under the influence of *Cubisni. On his return to the U.S.A. he exhibited at the * Armory Show, 1913. He devoted himself to sculpture in the early 1920s. As a sculptor he was a traditionalist both in his choice of subjects and his mode of expression.
Zorn Anders Leonard (1860—1920). Swedish genre and portrait painter in a vigorous impressionistic style, and etcher. He worked in Britain, France and the U.S.A. before settling in Mora, his birthplace.
Zuccarelli Francesco (1702-88). Italian painter of light pastoral, chiefly riverside, scenes after the manner of M. *Ricci. He worked mainly in Venice but made 2 visits to Britain where he received court patronage and became a founder-member of the R.A.
Zuccaro (Zuccan, Zuccheri) Fedenco (1543-1609). Italian painter 111 the *Mannerist tradition; brother of Taddeo Z. He visited Britain (1574—5) where he made chalk drawings of Queen Elizabeth 1 and the Earl of Leicester and possibly painted some of the many portraits attributed to him. On bis return to Italy he finished Vasari's frescoes in the dome of Florence cathedral. He later worked in the Escorial, Madrid, for Philip II. He was a founder of the Academy of St Luke, Kome, and in 1607 publ. the theoretical work L'Idca tic' Pittori, Scultori el Archilctti.
Zuccaro (Zuccan, Zuccheri) Taddeo (1529— 66). Italian *Mannerist painter active chiefly in Rome. His most important works were decorative frescoes in the Palazzo Farnese at Caprarola and in the Sala Regia in the Vatican.
Zucchi Antonio (1726—95). Venetian decorative painter who worked m Britain for R. Adam. In 1781 he married *Kauffmann and settled with her in Rome.
Zuloaga (y Zabaleta) Ignacio (1870—1945). Spanish portrait and genre painter.
Zurbaran Francisco de (1598—1664). Spanish painter of portraits and religious subjects. At the request of Seville, then one of the most important art centres in Spain, he moved to the city as official painter. The commission to decorate the new royal palace, Buen Retiro in Madrid, with a series of paintings, The Labours of
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Hercules (1624), probably came through his good friend *Velazquez. From 1628 to 1640 he was working on a great many paintings for the Jeronymite monastery at Guadalupe. From 1640 onwards his fortunes changed and he died 111 poverty and obscurity.
A characteristic feature of his paintings is flat areas of pure colour and clashing dissonances of yellow, crimson and blue. A change took place, however, towards the end of his lite, as his colours became less harsh and their tonal relationship more subtle. This could have been partly due to the necessity of pleasing his patrons the religious orders. Living a life close to theirs, he came to produce work which was the embodiment of mysticism and spiritual composition. He influenced the work of Spanish painters and the artists of the Spanish South American colonies. The Realists m 19th-c. France owed him a great deal.
